Luciana Cingolani is Assistant Professor of Public Administration at the Hertie School. She is also an affiliate of the Centre for Digital Governance and an Expert of UNESCO’s Inclusive Policy Lab. Her career has focused on the quality of governance and institutions.
Go to Luciana Cingolani webpageThis dataset presents a time-series cross-sectional Index of Bureaucratic Underrepresentation (IBU) covering a total of 37 European countries between 2008 and 2018 (unbalanced). It aggregates levels of bureaucratic representation on five common diversity dimensions, namely gender, ethnicity, nationality, age and disability. It uses household survey data from the European Social Survey (ESS) rounds 4 to 9, profiting from its representativeness and intended cross-country comparability (ESS 2020).