This database updates and expands the coding of electoral systems presented in Gaviria et al.'s (2003) Database of Particularism. Data now cover up to 180 countries from 1978-2005 and distinguish electoral systems by the degree to which electoral institutions create incentives for candidates to cultivate a personal vote - as described theoretically in Carey and Shugart (1995) and Gaviria et al. (2003) - including the amount of vote pooling among co-partisan candidates, the amount of parties' control over ballot access, and whether voters cast their votes for candidates or parties. The database also contains several variables that rank-order electoral systems by tier, distinguish mixed-member and other multi-tier electoral systems, capture district magnitude (in two ways), and record election years. Database created 2007. Database last updated 2010.