Meaning: 3-item index measuring a national culture's distance to ``sacred'' sources of authority in the domain of normative authority (anti-bribery, anti-cheating and anti-evasion norms).
Source: Index invented and documented in Welzel, Freedom Rising (2013: 63-66), www.cambridge.org/welzel (Online Appendix, p. 12-19), based on data from the World Values Surveys, all countries and time points.
Scaling: Multi-point scale, ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 when the least secular position is taken on all 3 items, to a maximum of 1.0 when the most secular position is taken on all 3 items. Intermediate positions are given in fractions of 1.0. Country scores are population averages (arithmetic mean) on the 0-1 index.
Note: The value for Slovenia in 2005 is considerably higher than the values for Slovenia in other years.
Type of variable: Continuous
Last updated by source: 2014-03-01
| Dataset | No. Countries |
|---|---|
| Standard time-series: | 103 |