Denotes an agency's enactment year. The determination of when exactly a new agency comes into existence is no trivial matter and should ideally be guided by an explicit theory of organizational boundaries. For this variable, we consider an agency to be a new agency if it receives a name, head, and instruction that differ from any previously existing agencies. So, for example, the National Board of Education (Skolöverstyrelsen), terminated in 1991, is considered a different agency from the National Agency of Education (Skolverket), enacted in 1991, because the two agencies have different names, heads, and instructions. For the agencies that were enacted before our observation began, we have relied on the aforementioned yearbooks to determine enactment years and, failing that, encyclopaedias (a few agencies in the sample have existed in some capacity for centuries, e.g. the Riksbank).
9999 = Missing
Type of variable: Continuous
Last updated by source: 2018-09-09