Placement mandates as coded “strong” if they specify an order that meets or exceeds the threshold set by the quota. For example, if a quota with a 30% threshold requires that women are on every third position on a party list (33%), the placement mandate would be coded strong. Alternatively, placement mandates are coded “weak” if they are not specific (e.g., “place in winnable positions”) or require a lower share of women than the legislated threshold (e.g., every 10 candidates for a 15% quota). Coded only for country-years where a quota with placement mandates was present.