Institutions and Elections Project Data (version 2.0). The objective of the data from the Institutions and Elections Project (IAEP) is to describe the formal institutions that are in place, even if practice does not comport with those formal rules. The data refers to the situation January 1st each year. Note: According to the documentation of the data many of the cases ``have more than one executive; [...] the executive referred to may be any one of the executives established in a country''. We urge users to refer to the documentation at the IAEP web site for information about which executive each particular case refers to.
Note: Changes from the original version: The dataset has two types of missing values, logical missing values and actual missing values. In the QoG data, logical missing values were recoded to actual missing values. To access data with logical missing values please use original dataset.
Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015).
Find the article at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2053168015579120
Last updated by source: 2015-05-20
| Dataset type: | Time-Series |
| Dataset level: | Country |
(Wig et al., 2015)
Is there an executive appointed either by a PM (that is, an executive who is also a member of the legislature) or a president (an independently selected executive)? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableAre members of this court (see iaep_cc) appointed or elected? ''Elected'' here refers to a popular election. Elections by legislative bodies are considered appointments. 1. Appointed 2. Elected Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableAre members of the court appointed for life? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableThis variable examine the relationship between the central and regional governments, those which are immediately below the central government. We focus exclusively on states or provincial levels of government, municipalities are not coded. In practice, do regions or provinces: 1. Appoint, elect or otherwise choose their own representatives autonomous from decisions by the central government 2. Have their administrators appointed by the central government 3. No regional/provincial governments Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes an anti-system platform determine the banning of parties? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableAre there banned parties? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes some other executive have the power to call elections? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableAccording to the constitution, does the country have a national constitutional court? In some cases, a council with the powers of a constitutional court may exist, though it may not be part of the formal judiciary. In such cases, this non-judicial council with the powers of a constitutional court is coded as the constitutional court. 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableCan the court can rule on executive actions? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableCan the court can rule on legislative actions? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableHow long has the current constitution existed (years since the constitution was established)? Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableHow long has the current constitution been in effect (in years)? Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableHow many years since the last amendment (in years)? Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes ethnic makeup determine the banning of parties? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableCan an executive change domestic taxes (excluding import/export tariffs) without legislative approval? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableAccording to the constitution, can an executive dissolve the legislature? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableIs the executive elected by: 1. Directly elected by public vote 2. Elected through legislative action by members of the legislature 3. Chosen through party process strictly by a party 4. Indirect public vote 5. Appointed Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableIs there an executive who is also a member of the legislature (like a prime minister, for example)? We consider membership in the legislature if either an explicit rule exists which requires an executive to maintain a seat in the legislature, or if practice and/or convention determines membership. 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes executive nomination establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes an executive have the power to use military force abroad without legislative approval? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableWhat is the type of electoral system for legislative elections? 1. Plurality (First past the post) 2. Majority 3. Proportional representation 4. Mixed systems (combination of PR and either plurality or majority). This option includes situations in which a single chamber contains seats selected by different methods, or situations in which all of the seats in a chamber are chosen with the same method, but each chamber is selected through different methods. Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableElection rules governing the determination of electoral outcomes for the executive: we record data on the electoral requirements for winning executive elections, specifically, the sorts of vote thresholds required for winners. If the executive is appointed or otherwise comes to power via non-electoral processes, we code this as missing. 1. Majority rule (50% + 1). Where run-offs are held, ''majority rule'' is selected, as the intention of a run-off election is to have one candidate receive a majority of the votes. 2. Plurality 3. No official, explicit, rule governing the outcome 4. Party leader of majority party/coalition in legislature is automatically selected without additional process Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes an executive have constitutional veto power over laws passed by the legislature? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableIs there an executive chosen independently of the legislature (like a president, for example)? If these processes that select the executive are distinct from that which selects the legislature, then the authors consider the two to be independent. The selection processes, moreover, can involve different - albeit competing or complimentary - forms of selection. 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes an executive have to secure legislative approval for the budget? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableAccording to the constitution, can the legislature remove an executive from office? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes some other executive have the power to introduce legislation in the legislature? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes the legislature have the constitutional authority to ratify international treaties negotiated by an executive? 0. No authority 1. One chamber approval necessary 2. Both chambers' approval necessary. Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes the legislature have the constitutional power to stop executive action, in effect a legislative veto? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableIs the power to use military force vested in some other executive? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes the country hold national elections for an executive? We consider national elections to involve subjecting the executive to some form of popular plebiscite. This electoral process may or may not bear any relationship to the ultimate appointment of the executive. Executive council elections that select an executive are not considered national elections. 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes the country hold national elections for the legislature We consider national elections to involve subjecting the members of the legislature to some form of popular plebiscite. While seats may be divided into districts, we consider national elections to occur when district-wide elections are organized at the national level. 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableAre no parties allowed? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes the country hold national elections on referendum items? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableIs there an official state party? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableHow many parties hold at least 5% of seats in the legislature? 1. One 2. Two 3. More than two Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes party nomination (party list, convention, etc.) establish how the field of candidates who stand for executive elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes party nomination (party list, convention, etc.) establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDo petition signatures establish how the field of candidates who stand for executive elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDo petition signatures establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDo members of party vote (primary) establish how the field of candidates who stand for executive elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDo members of party vote (primary) establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes religious affiliation determine the banning of parties? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableCan members of this court (see iaep_cc) be removed? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes self-nomination establish how the field of candidates who stand for executive elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableDoes self-nomination establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative elections is determined? 0. No 1. Yes Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableThis variable examines the relationship between the central and regional governments, those which are immediately below the central government. We focus exclusively on states or provincial levels of government, municipalities are not coded. Is the government structure a: 1. Unitary system 2. Confederation 3. Federal system Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variableIf members of the court can be removed, by whom? Here, the term ''court itself'' may refer to another court in the judiciary, not necessarily the constitutional court itself. 1. Legislature 2. Executive 3. Requires both legislature and executive action 4. Vote of general public 5. Court itself Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)
More about this variable