Election rules governing the determination of electoral outcomes for the executive: we record data on the electoral requirements for winning executive elections, specifically, the sorts of vote thresholds required for winners. If the executive is appointed or otherwise comes to power via non-electoral processes, we code this as missing.

1. Majority rule (50% + 1). Where run-offs are held, ''majority rule'' is selected, as the intention of a run-off election is to have one candidate receive a majority of the votes.
2. Plurality
3. No official, explicit, rule governing the outcome
4. Party leader of majority party/coalition in legislature is automatically selected without additional process

Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)