Ecosystem Services Issue Category consists of 3 indicators:

1) Tree cover loss, measured as a five-year moving average of the percentage of forest lost from the extent of forest cover in the reference year 2000. They define a forest as any land area with over 30% canopy cover. It is log-transformed, ln(x + α), α = 9.70E-07, and given 90% weight in the aggregation.

2) Grassland loss, measured as a five-year moving average of percentage of gross losses in grassland areas compared to the 1992 reference year. It is log-transformed, ln(x + α), α = 4.45E-06, and given 5% weight in the aggregation.

3) Wetland loss, measured as a five-year moving average of percentage of gross losses in wetland areas compared to the 1992 reference year. It is log-transformed, ln(x + α), α = 2.47E-06, and given 5% weight in the aggregation.

The issue category varies from 0 to 100.