QoG code: vdem_exbribe
Executive bribery and corrupt exchanges
Question: How routinely do members of the executive (the head of state, the head of government, and cabinet ministers), or their agents, grant favors in exchange for bribes, kickbacks, or other material inducements?
Responses:
0: It is routine and expected.
1: It happens more often than not in dealings with the executive.
2: It happens but is unpredictable: those dealing with the executive find it hard to predict
when an inducement will be necessary.
3: It happens occasionally but is not expected.
4: It never, or hardly ever, happens.
| Dataset | No. Countries |
|---|---|
| Standard cross-section | 172 |
| Standard time-series | 175 |
| OECD cross-section | 32 |
| OECD time-series | 32 |
| Dataset | Available for years |
|---|---|
| Standard time-series | 1946-2024 |
| OECD time-series | 1946-2024 |
This variable has information from 1946 to 2024.