Public sector corruption index
Question: To what extent do public sector employees grant favors in exchange for bribes, kickbacks,
or other material inducements, and how often do they steal, embezzle, or misappropriate public funds or other state resources for personal or family use?

Clarification: The point estimates for this index have been reversed such that the directionality is
opposite to the input variables. That is, lower scores indicate a normatively better situation (e.g. more democratic) and higher scores a normatively worse situation (e.g. less democratic). Note that this directionality is opposite of that of other V-Dem indices, which generally run from normatively worse to better.

Aggregation: VDem estimates the index by averaging two indicators: public sector bribery and embezzlement.