QoG Code: (br_dem) 
  
  
  Description: 
  
Is the country democratic or not? 
Following Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2010). Dichotomous indicator of democracy based on a minimalist definition. A country is defined as democratic, if elections were conducted, these were free and fair, and if there was a peaceful turnover of legislative and executive offices following those elections.  (0: No; 1: Yes)
  Type of variable:  Binary
   
    
  
    Downloaded by QoG on:  2024-10-10Last updated by source:  2023-06-14 
  
  
  
  Categories: 
   
  
    Political System 
   
  
  
  
  
  Find this variable in: 
   
  
    OECD Cross-section - 2025 
   
    
  
    OECD Time-series - 2025 
   
    
  
    Standard Cross-section - 2025 
   
    
  
    Standard Time-series - 2025 
   
   
  
    Original Dataset 
   
  
  
  
  
    Details of this variable in our compilations datasets 
    
      
        
          
            Dataset 
            No. Countries 
           
         
          
        
          
            Standard cross-section: 
            191 
           
         
         
        
          
            Standard time-series: 
            191 
           
         
         
        
          
            OECD cross-section: 
            32 
           
         
         
        
          
            OECD time-series: 
            32 
           
         
        
      
      
      
     
   
  
   
  This variable has information for these countries: 
  
    Click here to see the full list of countries 
    
      
      Afghanistan 
      
      Albania 
      
      Algeria 
      
      Angola 
      
      Antigua and Barbuda 
      
      Argentina 
      
      Armenia 
      
      Australia 
      
      Austria 
      
      Azerbaijan 
      
      Bahamas 
      
      Bahrain 
      
      Bangladesh 
      
      Barbados 
      
      Belarus 
      
      Belgium 
      
      Belize 
      
      Benin 
      
      Bhutan 
      
      Bolivia 
      
      Bosnia and Herzegovina 
      
      Botswana 
      
      Brazil 
      
      Brunei 
      
      Bulgaria 
      
      Burkina Faso 
      
      Burundi 
      
      Cambodia 
      
      Cameroon 
      
      Canada 
      
      Cape Verde 
      
      Central African Republic 
      
      Chad 
      
      Chile 
      
      China 
      
      Colombia 
      
      Comoros 
      
      Congo 
      
      Congo, Democratic Republic 
      
      Costa Rica 
      
      Cote d'Ivoire 
      
      Croatia 
      
      Cuba 
      
      Cyprus (-1974) 
      
      Cyprus (1975-) 
      
      Czech Republic 
      
      Denmark 
      
      Djibouti 
      
      Dominica 
      
      Dominican Republic 
      
      Ecuador 
      
      Egypt 
      
      El Salvador 
      
      Equatorial Guinea 
      
      Eritrea 
      
      Estonia 
      
      Eswatini (former Swaziland) 
      
      Ethiopia (-1992) 
      
      Ethiopia (1993-) 
      
      Fiji 
      
      Finland 
      
      France (-1962) 
      
      France (1963-) 
      
      Gabon 
      
      Gambia 
      
      Georgia 
      
      Germany 
      
      Germany, West 
      
      Ghana 
      
      Greece 
      
      Grenada 
      
      Guatemala 
      
      Guinea 
      
      Guinea-Bissau 
      
      Guyana 
      
      Haiti 
      
      Honduras 
      
      Hungary 
      
      Iceland 
      
      India 
      
      Indonesia 
      
      Iran 
      
      Iraq 
      
      Ireland 
      
      Israel 
      
      Italy 
      
      Jamaica 
      
      Japan 
      
      Jordan 
      
      Kazakhstan 
      
      Kenya 
      
      Kiribati 
      
      Korea, North 
      
      Korea, South 
      
      Kuwait 
      
      Kyrgyzstan 
      
      Laos 
      
      Latvia 
      
      Lebanon 
      
      Lesotho 
      
      Liberia 
      
      Libya 
      
      Liechtenstein 
      
      Lithuania 
      
      Luxembourg 
      
      Madagascar 
      
      Malawi 
      
      Malaysia (-1965) 
      
      Malaysia (1966-) 
      
      Maldives 
      
      Mali 
      
      Malta 
      
      Marshall Islands 
      
      Mauritania 
      
      Mauritius 
      
      Mexico 
      
      Micronesia 
      
      Moldova 
      
      Monaco 
      
      Mongolia 
      
      Montenegro 
      
      Morocco 
      
      Mozambique 
      
      Myanmar 
      
      Namibia 
      
      Nauru 
      
      Nepal 
      
      Netherlands 
      
      New Zealand 
      
      Nicaragua 
      
      Niger 
      
      Nigeria 
      
      North Macedonia 
      
      Norway 
      
      Oman 
      
      Pakistan (-1970) 
      
      Pakistan (1971-) 
      
      Palau 
      
      Panama 
      
      Papua New Guinea 
      
      Paraguay 
      
      Peru 
      
      Philippines 
      
      Poland 
      
      Portugal 
      
      Qatar 
      
      Romania 
      
      Russia 
      
      Rwanda 
      
      Samoa 
      
      Sao Tome and Principe 
      
      Saudi Arabia 
      
      Senegal 
      
      Serbia 
      
      Seychelles 
      
      Sierra Leone 
      
      Singapore 
      
      Slovakia 
      
      Slovenia 
      
      Solomon Islands 
      
      Somalia 
      
      South Africa 
      
      South Sudan 
      
      Spain 
      
      Sri Lanka 
      
      St Kitts and Nevis 
      
      St Lucia 
      
      St Vincent and the Grenadines 
      
      Sudan (-2011) 
      
      Sudan (2012-) 
      
      Suriname 
      
      Sweden 
      
      Switzerland 
      
      Syria 
      
      Taiwan 
      
      Tajikistan 
      
      Tanzania 
      
      Thailand 
      
      Timor-Leste 
      
      Togo 
      
      Tonga 
      
      Trinidad and Tobago 
      
      Tunisia 
      
      Turkey 
      
      Turkmenistan 
      
      Tuvalu 
      
      Uganda 
      
      Ukraine 
      
      United Arab Emirates 
      
      United Kingdom 
      
      United States 
      
      Uruguay 
      
      Uzbekistan 
      
      Vanuatu 
      
      Venezuela 
      
      Vietnam 
      
      Yemen 
      
      Yemen, North 
      
      Zambia 
      
      Zimbabwe 
      
     
   
  
    
  
   
  
  
  
    This variable has information from the year 1950 to the
    year 2023