Political System

This category includes variables describing the rules of the political system (presidential or parliamentary system), the chief executive (years in office), regime type, stability (age of present regime), and checks and balances as well as aspects of federalism.

Variables under this category

Practice: significant public expenditure receives legislative approval yearly

QoG Code: aii_q31

Law: executive's proposal \& approved budget must be published in full yearly

QoG Code: aii_q32

Practice: citizens can provide input for budget decisions

QoG Code: aii_q33

Practice: a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds

QoG Code: aii_q34

Law: citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies

QoG Code: aii_q41

Practice: citizens can access legislative processes and documents

QoG Code: aii_q43

Practice: government doesn't promote the self-censorship of citizens online

QoG Code: aii_q56

Practice: government doesn't block (or ask ICT firms to block) online content

QoG Code: aii_q57

Official Religion

QoG Code: biu_offrel

Dichotomous democracy measure

QoG Code: bmr_dem

Number of previous democratic breakdowns

QoG Code: bmr_dembr

Consecutive years of current regime type

QoG Code: bmr_demdur

Democracy measure, requiring min. 50% of adult women have the right to vote

QoG Code: bmr_demfsuf

Dichotomous democracy measure (incl. missing for some countries)

QoG Code: bmr_demmis

Democratic transition

QoG Code: bmr_demtran

Democratic Breakdown

QoG Code: bnr_dem

No. of chambers in parliament

QoG Code: br_chpar

Is the country a colony

QoG Code: br_col

Is the country's regime communist / socialist

QoG Code: br_com

Is the country in the Commonwealth

QoG Code: br_cw

Is the country a democracy

QoG Code: br_dem

Typology of political institutions

QoG Code: br_elect

Is the president interim/temporary

QoG Code: br_int

Is the country a monarchy

QoG Code: br_mon

Is the monarch female

QoG Code: br_monf

New constitution implemented

QoG Code: br_newconst

Is the political system presidential

QoG Code: br_pres

Did the main regime change

QoG Code: br_regch

Approval of Democracy

QoG Code: bti_aod

Basic Administration

QoG Code: bti_ba

Commitment to Democratic Institutions

QoG Code: bti_cdi

Civil Society Participation

QoG Code: bti_csp

Civil Society Traditions

QoG Code: bti_cst

Democracy Status

QoG Code: bti_ds

Equal Opportunity

QoG Code: bti_eo

Effective Power to Govern

QoG Code: bti_epg

Free and Fair Elections

QoG Code: bti_ffe

International Cooperation

QoG Code: bti_ic

Interest Groups

QoG Code: bti_ig

Level of Difficulty

QoG Code: bti_lod

No Interference of Religious Dogmas

QoG Code: bti_nird

Performance of Democratic Institutions

QoG Code: bti_pdi

Political Participation

QoG Code: bti_pp

Private Property

QoG Code: bti_prp

Party System

QoG Code: bti_ps

Rule of Law

QoG Code: bti_rol

Stability of Democratic Institutions

QoG Code: bti_sdi

State Identity

QoG Code: bti_si

Separation of Powers

QoG Code: bti_sop

Stateness

QoG Code: bti_st

Central Bank Independence unweighted index

QoG Code: cbi_cbiu

Central Bank Independence weighted index

QoG Code: cbi_cbiw

Component 1: Chief executive officer

QoG Code: cbi_cceo

Component 4: Limitations on lending to the government

QoG Code: cbi_cll

Component 2: Objectives

QoG Code: cbi_cobj

Component 3: Policy formulation

QoG Code: cbi_cpol

Year of law creating the central bank

QoG Code: cbi_create

Year of a reform that decreased central bank independence

QoG Code: cbi_dec

Effect of the central bank reform on the weighted index

QoG Code: cbi_dir

Year of a reform that increased central bank independence

QoG Code: cbi_inc

Year of a reform that affects the central bank independence

QoG Code: cbi_ref

Whether the central bank is a regional organization

QoG Code: cbi_reg

Reference in Constitution to Democracy

QoG Code: ccp_democ

Legislative Initiative Allowed

QoG Code: ccp_initiat

Reference in Constitution to Socialism

QoG Code: ccp_socialsm

Democracy

QoG Code: chga_demo

Regime Institutions

QoG Code: chga_hinst

Whether the autocratic regime ended in the year

QoG Code: chisols_autend

Whether the autocracy type of the state changed in the year

QoG Code: chisols_auttrans

Whether the state was democratic in the year

QoG Code: chisols_dem

Whether the democracy type of the state changed in the year

QoG Code: chisols_demtrans

Whether the state is a hybrid regime in the year

QoG Code: chisols_hybrid

Whether the state is an indirect military regime in the year

QoG Code: chisols_indmil

Whether the state is a military regime in the year

QoG Code: chisols_mil

Whether the state is mixed in the year

QoG Code: chisols_mixed

Whether the state is a monarchy in the year

QoG Code: chisols_mon

Whether the state was not independent in the year

QoG Code: chisols_nonindep

Whether the state is an oligarchy

QoG Code: chisols_olig

Whether the state is not one of the other Geddes et al types

QoG Code: chisols_other

Whether the state is parliamentary in the year

QoG Code: chisols_parl

Whether the state is a personalist regime in the year

QoG Code: chisols_per

Whether the state was presidential in the year

QoG Code: chisols_pres

Whether the regime type of the state changed in the year

QoG Code: chisols_regtrans

Number of SOLS changes in the year

QoG Code: chisols_solschange

Whether the state is a single-party regime in the year

QoG Code: chisols_sp

Number of leader transitions in the year

QoG Code: chisols_totalldrtrans

Whether the state is characterized by warlordism in the year

QoG Code: chisols_warlord

Satisfaction with Democracy

QoG Code: cses_sd

Accountability Transparency

QoG Code: diat_ati

Information Transparency

QoG Code: diat_iti

Transparency Index

QoG Code: diat_ti

Index of Globalization

QoG Code: dr_ig

Political Globalization

QoG Code: dr_pg

E-Government Index

QoG Code: egov_egov

E-Participation Index

QoG Code: egov_epar

Human Capital Index

QoG Code: egov_hci

Online Service Index

QoG Code: egov_osi

Telecommunication Infrastructure Index

QoG Code: egov_tii

State Legitimacy

QoG Code: ffp_sl

Political Pluralism and Participation

QoG Code: fh_ppp

Political Rights

QoG Code: fh_pr

Freedom Status

QoG Code: fh_status

Corruption Perception: Political Parties

QoG Code: gcb_ppa

Corruption Perception: Parliament

QoG Code: gcb_pparl

Global Gender Gap Political Empowerment Subindex

QoG Code: gggi_pes

Parliamentarism

QoG Code: gtm_parl

Unitarism

QoG Code: gtm_unit

Duration of Autocratic Regime

QoG Code: gwf_duration

Regime Failure

QoG Code: gwf_fail

Regime Failure - Subsequent Regime Type

QoG Code: gwf_failsub

Regime Failure - Ending Type

QoG Code: gwf_failtype

Regime Failure - Level of Violence

QoG Code: gwf_failviolent

Regime Type

QoG Code: gwf_regimetype

Independent Sub-Federal Unit

QoG Code: h_f

Legislative Chamber

QoG Code: h_l1

2nd Legislative Chamber

QoG Code: h_l2

Political Constraints Index III

QoG Code: h_polcon3

Political Constraints Index V

QoG Code: h_polcon5

Freedom from Government

QoG Code: hf_govt

HRV Index

QoG Code: hrv_index

HRV Index: Lower bound of point estimate

QoG Code: hrv_lb

HRV Index: Standard deviation of point estimate

QoG Code: hrv_sd

HRV Index: Upper bound of point estimate

QoG Code: hrv_ub

Regime Type

QoG Code: ht_regtype

Regime Type (simplified)

QoG Code: ht_regtype1

Appointment of Executive

QoG Code: iaep_ae

Appointment of Regional Representatives

QoG Code: iaep_arr

Some other executive have the power to call elections

QoG Code: iaep_callo

Constitutional Court

QoG Code: iaep_cc

Constitutional Court Rules on Executive Actions

QoG Code: iaep_ccrea

Constitutional Court Rules on Legislative Actions

QoG Code: iaep_ccrla

Executive Can Change Domestic Taxes

QoG Code: iaep_eccdt

Executive Can Dissolve Legislature

QoG Code: iaep_ecdl

Executive is Member of Legislature

QoG Code: iaep_eml

Executive Power over Military Force

QoG Code: iaep_epmf

Executive Veto Power

QoG Code: iaep_evp

Legislature Approves Budget

QoG Code: iaep_lap

Legislature Can Remove Executive

QoG Code: iaep_lcre

Some other executive have the power to introduce legislation

QoG Code: iaep_lego

Legislature's Ratification of International Treaties

QoG Code: iaep_lrit

Legislature Veto Power

QoG Code: iaep_lvp

Some other executive have the power to use force abroad

QoG Code: iaep_milo

Official State Party

QoG Code: iaep_osp

Unitary or Federal State

QoG Code: iaep_ufs

Who Removes Members of Constitutional Court

QoG Code: iaep_wrmcc

Bicameral System

QoG Code: jw_bicameral

Single Party System

QoG Code: jw_oneparty

Cluster memberships based on means

QoG Code: kun_cluster

Absolute political institutional quality (simple averages)

QoG Code: kun_polabs

Political institutional quality (relative factor scores)

QoG Code: kun_polrel

Political World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries)

QoG Code: kun_wiqrpol_all

Political World Institutional Quality Ranking (full obs.)

QoG Code: kun_wiqrpol_full

First Multiparty Election

QoG Code: nelda_fme

Classification of Executives

QoG Code: no_ce

Unitary or Federal State

QoG Code: no_ufs

Regime Durability

QoG Code: p_durable

Revised Combined Polity Score

QoG Code: p_polity2

Federal Political Structure

QoG Code: pt_federal

Forms of Government

QoG Code: pt_pres

Entry at the lowest level only

QoG Code: qs20_close1

Entry via examination

QoG Code: qs20_close2

Special Laws

QoG Code: qs20_close3

Closedness Index

QoG Code: qs20_close_pca

Political Interference

QoG Code: qs20_impar1

Political Interference, lower limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_impar1_lowci

Political Interference, upper limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_impar1_upci

Impartiality

QoG Code: qs20_impar2

Impartiality, lower limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_impar2_lowci

Impartiality, upper limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_impar2_upci

Patronage

QoG Code: qs20_proff1

Patronage, lower limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_proff1_lowci

Patronage, upper limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_proff1_upci

Merit

QoG Code: qs20_proff2

Merit, lower limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_proff2_lowci

Merit, upper limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_proff2_upci

Tenure

QoG Code: qs20_proff3

Tenure, lower limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_proff3_lowci

Tenure, upper limit of 95% credible interval

QoG Code: qs20_proff3_upci

Professionalism Index

QoG Code: qs20_proff_pca

Good Governance

QoG Code: sgi_go

Good Governance: Executive Accountability

QoG Code: sgi_goea

Good Governance: Executive Capacity

QoG Code: sgi_goec

Robust Democracy

QoG Code: sgi_qd

Robust Democracy: Access to Information

QoG Code: sgi_qdai

Robust Democracy: Civil Rights and Political Liberties

QoG Code: sgi_qdcr

Robust Democracy: Electoral Process

QoG Code: sgi_qdep

Robust Democracy: Rule of Law

QoG Code: sgi_qdrl

Robust Democracy: Rule of Law - Corruption Prevention

QoG Code: sgi_qdrlc

KOLFU: Politician influencing public administration report

QoG Code: swm_kfu_corr1

KOLFU: Former politician hired

QoG Code: swm_kfu_corr2

KOLFU: The influence of municipal council

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl1

KOLFU: The influence of respondents

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl10

KOLFU: The influence of municipal executive board

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl2

KOLFU: The influence of chairman of municipal executive board

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl3

KOLFU: The influence of other municipal politicians

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl4

KOLFU: The influence of bureaucrats

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl5

KOLFU: The influence of citizens

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl6

KOLFU: The influence of public authorities

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl7

KOLFU: The influence of the local industry and commerce

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl8

KOLFU: The influence of journalists monitoring the municipal politics.

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polinfl9

KOLFU: The main occupation is bureaucrat with supervisory position

QoG Code: swm_kfu_polocc2

One party has ruled the executive board for the last 40 years

QoG Code: swm_oneparty

The party that has ruled the executive board for the last 40 years

QoG Code: swm_oneparty_party

Political secretaries, number of full time positions in the municipality

QoG Code: swm_polsec1

Political secretaries, total number in the municipality

QoG Code: swm_polsec2

Frequency of municipal citizen dialogue held during mandate period: 4 or more

QoG Code: swm_scb_cd1

Frequency of municipal citizen dialogue held during mandate period: 1-3

QoG Code: swm_scb_cd2

The municipality offer citizen dialogue

QoG Code: swm_scb_cd3

Possibility to participate in citizen dialogue via the municipal website

QoG Code: swm_scb_cd4

Open assemblies in municipal committees: All committees, including municipal executive board

QoG Code: swm_scb_com1

Open assemblies in municipal committees: All committees, excluding municipal executive board

QoG Code: swm_scb_com2

Open assemblies in municipal committees: Some committees, including municipal executive board

QoG Code: swm_scb_com3

Open assemblies in municipal committees: Some committees, excluding municipal executive board

QoG Code: swm_scb_com4

Number of citizen proposals approved during mandate period

QoG Code: swm_scb_cpap

Number of citizen proposals submitted during mandate period

QoG Code: swm_scb_cpsub

Share of women in municipal assembly

QoG Code: swm_scb_mafem

Petition for referendum during the present mandate period

QoG Code: swm_scb_petref

The municipality has political secretaries hired during the mandate period

QoG Code: swm_scb_polsec

Referendums held during mandate period

QoG Code: swm_scb_ref

Voter turnout in municipal elections

QoG Code: swm_scb_voteturn

The executive board ruled by political minority

QoG Code: swm_skl_minority

Ideology of ruling coalition

QoG Code: swm_skl_rulcoal

Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Mean)

QoG Code: uds_mean

Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Median)

QoG Code: uds_median

Unified Demo. Score Posterior (2.5 percentile)

QoG Code: uds_pct025

Unified Demo. Score Posterior (97.5 percentile)

QoG Code: uds_pct975

Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Std. Dev.)

QoG Code: uds_sd

Index of Democratization

QoG Code: van_index

Deliberative democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_delibdem

Deliberative component index

QoG Code: vdem_dl_delib

Electoral component index

QoG Code: vdem_edcomp_thick

Egalitarian component index

QoG Code: vdem_egal

Egalitarian democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_egaldem

Liberal democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_libdem

Liberal component index

QoG Code: vdem_liberal

Participatory component index

QoG Code: vdem_partip

Participatory democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_partipdem

Electoral democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_polyarchy

Voice and Accountability, Estimate

QoG Code: wbgi_vae

Voice and Accountability, Number of Sources

QoG Code: wbgi_van

Voice and Accountability, Standard Error

QoG Code: wbgi_vas

Enlightened Understanding of Democracy

QoG Code: wel_demenl

Liberal Understanding of Democracy

QoG Code: wel_demlib

Non-Liberal Understanding of Democracy

QoG Code: wel_demnlib

Democratic Rights

QoG Code: wel_dr

Effective Democracy Index

QoG Code: wel_edi

Regime Type

QoG Code: wel_regtype

Political System Type

QoG Code: wel_sys

Non-Autocracy

QoG Code: wr_nonautocracy

Regime Type

QoG Code: wr_regtype

World Uncertainty Index

QoG Code: wui_wui

Confidence: The Civil Services

QoG Code: wvs_confcs

Confidence: The Government

QoG Code: wvs_confgov

Confidence: Parliament

QoG Code: wvs_confpar

Confidence: The United Nations

QoG Code: wvs_confun

Importance of democracy

QoG Code: wvs_demimp

Democraticness in own country

QoG Code: wvs_democ

Politicians who don't believe in God are unfit for public office

QoG Code: wvs_godpol

Important in life: Politics

QoG Code: wvs_imppol

Interest in politics

QoG Code: wvs_polint

Political system: Having the army rule

QoG Code: wvs_psarmy

Political system: Having a democratic political system

QoG Code: wvs_psdem

Political system: Having experts make decisions

QoG Code: wvs_psexp

Political system: Having a strong leader

QoG Code: wvs_pssl