Female R&D employees in business enterprise sector, full-time equivalent. R&D personnel in a statistical unit include all persons engaged directly in R&D, whether employed by the statistical unit or external contributors fully integrated into the statistical unit`s R&D activities, as well as those providing direct services for the R&D activities (such as R&D managers, administrators, technicians and clerical straff). Persons providing indirect support and ancillary services, such as canteen, maintenance, administrative and security staff, has been excluded, even though their wages and salaries are included in “other current costs” when measuring R&D expenditure. Further information on the concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics can be found in Frascati Manual (OECD 2015).